India stands tall as the world’s third-largest fish producer, contributing a remarkable 7.56% to global fish production. It also ranks as the second-largest aquaculture nation worldwide. In the year 2022-2023, India recorded an astounding fish production of 175.45 lakh tonnes, with 131.13 lakh tonnes from the inland sector and 44.32 lakh tonnes from the marine sector. Freshwater fish dominate Indian aquaculture, with Andhra Pradesh emerging as the leading fish production hub in 2024, boasting an output exceeding four million metric tons, followed by West Bengal and Gujarat.
The Unsung Heroes: Fishermen
Fishermen play a crucial role in driving India’s economic growth through the fisheries sector. This promising industry provides livelihood, employment, and entrepreneurship opportunities to over 28 million fishers and fish farmers at the primary level, with several lakhs more involved along the value chain. Fish and fish products have emerged as one of the largest groups in India’s agricultural exports, achieving an all-time high marine export earning of Rs. 63,969 crores in 2022-23. With a coastline of 7,516.60 km, including the Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands, India’s potential for marine fisheries is significant. However, several factors contribute to the current production dynamics.
The Balance of Inland and Marine Fisheries
India boasts a vast coastline of 7,516.60 kilometers, including the Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands. Despite this, 70% of fish production comes from freshwater sources, with the remaining 30% from marine fisheries. Several factors contribute to this disparity:
- The Indian government actively promotes inland fisheries through subsidies, loans, and training programs for fish farmers.
- Inland fisheries can be managed more sustainably with proper water management and stocking practices.
- Overfishing in coastal waters has led to declining fish stocks, limiting marine fisheries’ potential.
- Pollution and habitat degradation in coastal areas negatively impact fish populations.
- Rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification affect the distribution and abundance of marine fish species.
Government Initiatives and Challenges
The government’s 61-day fishing ban for motorized vessels is a commendable step to increase fish populations and reduce pollution. However, traditional non-motorized boats are still allowed. Extending the ban to non-motorized boats could significantly boost production. Yet, the government must also ensure timely compensation and support for fishermen during the ban period to safeguard their livelihoods. There have been reports of delayed and inconsistent compensation, particularly in Odisha, which need to be addressed.
Addressing Environmental and Operational Challenges
The marine environment faces threats from ghost gear and deep trawling. Ghost gear endangers marine life, trapping turtles and fish, while deep trawling disrupts coral reefs essential for marine biodiversity. On this special day, we urge all fishermen to cease these harmful practices to protect our marine ecosystems.
Fishing is a physically demanding and dangerous profession, both in inland and marine sectors. Inland fish farmers face challenges such as disease and water management, while marine fishermen contend with climate change, food scarcity, and the inherent dangers of fishing at sea. Key issues include:
- Limited access to education and training opportunities.
- Inadequate cold storage facilities and transportation networks.
- Exploitation by middlemen who control market access and prices.
- Volatile fish prices affecting income stability.
- Reliance on loans for boat maintenance, fuel, and gear, leading to cycles of debt.
- Climate change impacting fish migration patterns and populations.
Empowering Women in Fisheries
Women play a crucial role in fisheries, extending beyond pre- and post-harvest activities to significant contributions in aquaculture and fish farming. The Indian government has launched initiatives like the “Mahila Arthik Samman Yojana” to empower women through Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in fisheries, providing loans and training for small businesses in fish processing and marketing. Women’s contributions are vital, particularly in fish and shrimp processing industries.
Acknowledgements and Gratitude
We express our heartfelt thanks to all fish farmers, stakeholders, industry professionals, officials, and researchers for their efforts in elevating India’s fish production. On this National Fish Farmers Day, we wish every fish farmer a happy and prosperous future.
Fishing is not just a livelihood; it’s the backbone of India’s blue economy, driving growth, sustainability, and prosperity.
Happy National Fish Farmers Day!
Gorre Dhanush
PhD in Marine Biology & Oceanography
Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology
Annamalai University
1 comment
[…] Fishermen play a key role in feeding the world, especially in coastal areas. Their work provides fresh, healthy seafood and is deeply connected to cultural traditions. However, their jobs are challenging and dangerous, with risks like harsh weather and unpredictable seas. Efforts like the Union Government’s initiative to install GPS on fishing boats have helped improve safety for fishermen. Additionally, the government helps manage fisheries by setting catch limits, banning harmful fishing practices such as bottom trawling, and creating protected marine areas. These measures ensure fish stocks are not depleted and ecosystems remain healthy. […]